實驗室涉及水、電、氣等的安全使用,儀器設備的正確操作,化學試劑的安全使用和管理,放射源及具有放射性的樣品的安全使用和管理,以及實驗產生的“三廢”物質處理及放射性樣品殘存物的處理等,關系到進入實驗室各類人員的人身安全及校園環境保護等諸多問題。為了確保教師和學生的人身安全,確保國家財產不受損失,實驗室安全管理已經成為實驗(yan)室建設與運行過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)首要(yao)的控制目標。

1、高校生物類實驗(yan)室的(de)特點

高校(xiao)擁有(you)(you)各(ge)種類(lei)型的實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),如國家重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),教育部重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),省(sheng)部、地方重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),基(ji)礎課實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),專業課實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),學生(sheng)(sheng)創新實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),科(ke)研(yan)平臺(tai)等(deng),承擔著繁重(zhong)的教學和科(ke)研(yan)任務。高校(xiao)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使用頻繁、人員集中且流動性(xing)(xing)大(da)(da)、情況復(fu)雜(za),安全管理和控制難度大(da)(da)。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)類(lei)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)除具有(you)(you)一般(ban)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的共性(xing)(xing)外,又有(you)(you)其自(zi)己的特(te)點(dian)(dian)。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)類(lei)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擁有(you)(you)大(da)(da)批貴重(zhong)精(jing)密的儀器設(she)備,使用各(ge)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)化試劑,多(duo)種易燃、易爆危險物(wu)品,易制毒(du)化學品甚(shen)至劇毒(du)物(wu)品,壓縮氣體鋼瓶(ping)等(deng),實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)類(lei)別及(ji)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)項(xiang)目(mu)多(duo),實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)條(tiao)件復(fu)雜(za),特(te)別是(shi)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)材料(liao)是(shi)活的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)或(huo)具有(you)(you)活性(xing)(xing)的器官,其代(dai)謝物(wu)及(ji)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的廢(fei)棄物(wu)也會對環境(jing)和人類(lei)健康造成影響。

2、影(ying)響(xiang)高校生(sheng)物類實(shi)驗室安全的因素

影(ying)響高校生物(wu)類實驗室安(an)全的(de)因素,既有硬件投入(ru)不(bu)足,也有軟(ruan)件運行欠佳的(de)問題(ti)。

2.1硬件方面

安全(quan)資(zi)金投入不足,安全(quan)設(she)施(shi)陳舊,線(xian)路老化,防(fang)火能力低,火災隱患多;水管、龍頭等(deng)質量(liang)欠佳,環(huan)保及(ji)防(fang)護(hu)設(she)施(shi)不能滿足要求,會對人和(he)環(huan)境造成極大威脅;缺乏應(ying)急動力供應(ying)系統等(deng)。

2.2軟件方面

重科研(yan)和(he)教學,輕安(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)現象普遍(bian)存在,安(an)全、環保意識(shi)淡薄;安(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)完善(shan),檢查監督(du)力度不(bu)(bu)夠;宣傳教育不(bu)(bu)到位,應急(ji)處(chu)理(li)(li)能(neng)力差;部(bu)分(fen)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人員(yuan)及學生綜(zong)合(he)素質(zhi)不(bu)(bu)高。

2.3生物(wu)類實驗室常見的廢棄(qi)物(wu)

2.3.1生物活性材料(liao)及其代謝(xie)物

常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)活(huo)性(xing)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)材料(liao)包(bao)括動(dong)(dong)、植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)組織、細(xi)胞和(he)(he)(he)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(細(xi)菌(jun)、真(zhen)菌(jun)和(he)(he)(he)病毒)等,細(xi)胞和(he)(he)(he)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長需(xu)要良好(hao)的(de)(de)營養(yang)條件,而(er)且(qie)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)用(yong)細(xi)菌(jun)常(chang)常(chang)在抗(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)等藥物(wu)(wu)存在的(de)(de)情況下也能正常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)類實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)常(chang)以蝦、小(xiao)白(bai)鼠、魚、雞(ji)、兔、牛、羊等動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)根、莖、葉、花、果實(shi)等為實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)材料(liao),實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)完(wan)成后,動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)尸體(ti)或被解剖的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)、植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)器官(guan)需(xu)及時(shi)進行妥(tuo)善處(chu)置(zhi),否則,就(jiu)有可能對其他動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)或實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)處(chu)理產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)干擾和(he)(he)(he)影響,甚至造成病菌(jun)或疾病的(de)(de)傳(chuan)播。

2.3.2有毒有害物品及(ji)其實(shi)驗廢(fei)棄(qi)物

重金屬(shu)、氰化(hua)(hua)物、溴化(hua)(hua)乙錠(EB)、丙烯酰(xian)(xian)氨(an)、甲酰(xian)(xian)氨(an)、焦碳酸二(er)乙酯(zhi)(DEPC)、IPTG、二(er)甲基亞砜(feng)(DM)。